HAWAIIAN GRAMMAR TERMINOLOGY

Terms For Parts Of Speech and Sentence Structures

NĀ INOA PILINA

ʻŌLELO PAE LAULĀ: PEPEKE & POKE

• ka pilina ʻōlelo: general term for grammar; sentence or sentence pattern.
• ka pepeke: system of Hawaiian grammar developed at UH Hilo; a complete Hawaiian
• thought, which can function as a sentence in itself, though it may be joined with other
• pepeke to make longer sentences. Must have a poʻo; may also include piko and/or ʻawe.
• ka poke: any complete phrase in a pepeke. Ex: ka wahine ikaika; ua ʻike aku; ʻo Kainoa
• ke poʻo: "head" of the pepeke. Includes the most important information in the sentence, as well as an indication of what kind of pepeke it is. Always the first phrase in a pepeke.
• ka piko: subject of the pepeke. Normally follows the poʻo as the second phrase in a pepeke.
• ka ʻawe: any phrase, usually follwing the piko, which gives additional information such as:
  time, place, object, reason, etc. Always leads with an ʻami.
• ka ʻami: joining word that connects the ʻawe to the rest of the pepeke and indicates its relationship to the poʻo and piko. Includes: i/ma; i/iā; mai/maiā; me; no/na; e; etc.

PAE KIKOʻĪ: WORD CLASSIFICATIONS

NĀ ʻANO ʻAMI

• ‘ami henuai – in, on, at, towards, to (+ kikino or i‘oa paku)
• ma – in, on, at, towards, to (+ kikino or i‘oa paku)
• iā – at, towards, to (+ papani or i‘oa ma‘uli)
• ʻami hoame – with
• ‘ami o‘ao / a – of, belonging to
• ‘ami laukai / iā – no translation. Marks direct object of a
• ha‘ina pili.
• ‘ami ‘ākena ‘a‘anoi / iā – because of, due to
• ‘ami ‘ākena ‘iaee – by (+ ‘ākena)
• ‘ami kūmuamai – from (+ kikino or i‘oa paku)
• maiā – from (+ papani or i‘oa ma‘uli

NĀ MĀKA (MARKERS)

• ka māka: general term for "marker".
• ka māka poʻo: Poʻo marker (ʻO, He, Aia etc.).
• ka māka piko: Piko marker (ʻo/ø).
• ka māka painu: verb marker (ua-, ke-nei, ke-la, e-ana, e-ai, e-, i-ai, i-).
• ke kaʻi: "k-word" that precedes a kikino: ka/ke; kēia/kēnā/kēlā; nā; he; possessive.

NĀ KIʻA

• ke kiʻa: word or phrase used as a noun in any pepeke.
• ke kikino: common noun (preceded by a kaʻi).
• ke kiʻa pepeke: gerund. Verb made into a noun by adding a kaʻi and the word ʻana. Ex:
• koʻu hula ʻana; ka ʻike ʻana mai
• ka poke kiʻa: a noun phrase, that includes its kaʻi and modifier (if applicable). Ex: ka hale
• kūʻai; kēia mau puaʻa; he pua onaona; kona hīmeni ʻana

NĀ PAINU

• ka painu: word or phrase used as a verb in any pepeke.
  
• ka haʻina: verb (independent of use in a pepeke).
• ka haʻina ʻaʻano: stative verb. Describes a noun's state of being; answers the question "pehea?" Non-active, but may indicate the result (hopena) of an action.
• ka haʻina pili: transitive verb. Action that takes an object, closely connecting it to the piko. The only kind of haʻina used in Kālele ʻĀkena (actor-emphatic) sentences.
• ka ʻākena: actor/agent. The one who performs an action, often specifically a haʻina pili.
• ke pili: object/recipient of the action of a haʻina pili. Usually marked by i/iā.
• ka haʻina pili ʻole: intransitive verb. Action that does not take an object. Its ʻawe will indicate time, place, reason, but not a recipient of the action.

IʻOA & PAPANI: NAMES AND PRONOUNS

• ka iʻoa: proper noun (a name). All iʻoa in the piko position are marked by ʻo.
• ka iʻoa paku: place name.
• ka iʻoa maʻuli: person's name.
• ka iʻoa henua: locative (luna, lalo, loko, waho, etc.).
• ka papani: pronoun - takes the place of a pre-established specific noun. Papani are: au, ʻoe,
• (ʻo) ia; kāua, māua, ʻolua, lāua; kākou, mākou, ʻoukou, lākou.

KĒLĀ ME KĒIA: MISC.

• ke kāhulu: word used as an adjective or adverb; directly follows a kikino or haʻina.
  Some, like pono, wale, and koke, cannot stand alone; others, like akamai, are also haʻina ʻaʻano.
• ka hune ʻaʻau: indicates how the speaker's naʻau feels about what s/he is saying, including:
  surety, hesitation, surprise, disgust, etc. Always appears at the end of the first poʻo.
• The hune ʻaʻau are: nō, kā, hoʻi, hā, lā, paha, auaneʻi, anei.
  They may occur individually or in conjunction with others.
• ka hune kuhi: directional. Follows a painu and indicates direction in space or time, in relationship to the speaker.
  The hune kuhi are: mai, aku, iho, aʻe.


NĀ PILINA ʻŌLELO

PEPEKE ʻAIKE HE: "is a", "are some"

Classifies piko as belonging to a type of noun - it is one of many in that group.

He Hawaiʻi au.

He kumu nō hoʻi ʻo Kanoe ma ke kula ʻo Pūʻohala.

He mau pua onaona ka pīkake a me ka pakalana.

He haumāna ʻoe naʻu.

ʻAʻole au he kupa no Kawaihae.

PEPEKE ʻAIKE ʻO: "is the/my/this" - specific

Identifies piko as a particular noun. Both poʻo and piko are specific nouns.

ʻO Kahikina koʻu inoa.

ʻO kēia puke kaʻu puke punahele i koʻu wā kamaliʻi.

ʻO ʻoe paha ka ipo a koʻu kaikuaʻana?

ʻAʻole paha kēia he mauʻu Hilo.

PEPEKA HENUA: "is/are in, at, on…" - location

Locates piko in place or time. Has many different variations.

Aia nō paha ka pāina i kēia hopena pule.

Aia ma Kalihi ka hale o koʻu mau mākua.

I Kona aku nei nō au i kēlā mahina aku nei.

Ma hea ana ʻoe no ka wā hoʻomaha?

ʻAʻole ʻo Kalani ma kahakai.

HE POSSESSIVE: "have a", "have some"

Piko is the owner of one or more non-specific mea. Often used for relationships and things you normally have, own, or carry. Piko becomes a k-possessive.

He kaikaina koʻu.

He mau ʻīlio akamai anei kā Hiʻilei?

He kamaiki hauʻoli kā ke kumu.

ʻAʻole kaʻu he keiki moloā. (**Mine is not a keiki moloā: I have a keiki. She is not moloā.)

NUMBER POSSESSIVE: "have none" or "have # mea"

Piko is the owner of a number of non-specific mea, or of none. Piko becomes a k-less possessive, and changes position if it is a papani.

ʻAʻohe āna keiki.

ʻEhā papa a kēia haumāna hou.

He kanahiku wale nō makahiki o ʻIokepa.

PEPEKE PAINU: verb sentence (painu in the poʻo position)

Piko is described by a haʻina ʻaʻano or the subject of an active haʻina. Māka painu used to indicate level of completion.

Paʻakikī paha ke aʻo ʻana i kekahi ʻōlelo hou.

E nānā ana nō māua i kēlā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma Kahala.

Ua piʻi aʻela ʻo Kaleo mā i luna o Kaʻala.

ʻAʻole nō au e loaʻa ana iā ʻoe.

PEPEKE PAINU ʻIAE: passive voice (haʻina pili in the poʻo position)

Piko is the pili (recipient) of the action, not the ʻākena (agent/actor). Used when the ʻākena is unknown or not very significant. Māka painu used in same way as in regular pepeke painu.

Ua wehe ʻia hoʻi ka ʻīpuka.

Ke piʻi ʻia nei kēlā kumu lāʻau nui e nā kamaliʻi.

E hoʻohanohano ʻia ana nō ʻolua i ka ʻahaʻaina i ka lā ʻapōpō.

ʻAʻole paha i lawe ʻia maila ka pahu kula.

KĀLELE ʻĀKENA: actor-emphatic (haʻina pili only)

ʻĀkena occupies initial poʻo position. Used to emphasize the actor, and therefore used carefully in normal Hawaiian speech. Pili may jump forward and become the piko of this pepeke.

Māka painu for this pepeke are: i-, e-nei, e-la, e-ana, e-. (never ai)

Na Kamalei hoʻi i hoʻomākaukau i ka ʻaina ahiahi no kākou.

Nāu anei e holoi i nā pā ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana?

Na koʻu mau mākua ka mea ʻono e lawe mai.

ʻAʻole naʻu i ʻoki i ka huluhulu o kāu ʻīlio!

KĀLELE KŪLANA: situation-emphatic

ʻAwe occupies initial poʻo position. Used to emphasize time, place, reason, or other ʻawe, and therefore used carefully in normal Hawaiian speech.

Māka painu for this pepeke are: i-ai, e-nei, e-la, e-ai, ana… e-ai.

I Kōloa nō e noho ai ko Palani mau kūpuna.

No ke aha ʻoe e aʻo nei i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi?

Ma Iune ana paha kāua e huki ai i ke kalo.

Tense Wit

To say, "The

Aia Senten

In Hawaiian tho